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<title>User guide</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">User guide</span></span>

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<p>A <b>user guide</b>, <b>user manual</b>, <b>owner's manual</b> or <b>instruction manual</b> is intended to assist users in using a particular product, service or application. It is usually written by a technician, product developer, or a company's customer service staff.

</p><p>Most user guides contain both a written guide and associated images. In the case of computer applications, it is usual to include <a href="Screenshot" title="Screenshot">screenshots</a> of the human-machine interface(s), and hardware manuals often include clear, simplified <a href="Diagram" title="Diagram">diagrams</a>. The language used is matched to the intended <a href="Audience" title="Audience">audience</a>, with <a href="Jargon" title="Jargon">jargon</a> kept to a minimum or explained thoroughly.

</p><p>Until the last decade or two of the twentieth century it was common for an owner's manual to include detailed <a href="Repair" class="mw-redirect" title="Repair">repair</a> information, such as a <a href="Circuit_diagram" title="Circuit diagram">circuit diagram</a>; however as products became more complex this information was gradually relegated to specialized <a href="Service_manual" class="mw-redirect" title="Service manual">service manuals</a>, or dispensed with entirely, as devices became too inexpensive to be economically repaired.

</p><p>Owner's manuals for simpler devices are often <a href="Multilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Multilingual">multilingual</a> so that the same boxed product can be sold in many different markets. Sometimes the same manual is shipped with a range of related products so the manual will contain a number of sections that apply only to some particular model in the product range.

</p><p>With the increasing complexity of modern devices, many owner's manuals have become so large that a separate <a href="Quickstart_guide" title="Quickstart guide">quickstart guide</a> is provided. Some owner's manuals for computer equipment are supplied on <a href="CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> to cut down on manufacturing costs, since the owner is assumed to have a computer able to read the CD-ROM. Another trend is to supply instructional video material with the product, such as a <a href="Videotape" title="Videotape">videotape</a> or <a href="DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a>, along with the owner's manual.

</p><p>Many businesses offer <a href="PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> copies of manuals that can be accessed or downloaded free of charge from their websites.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents_of_a_user_manual">Contents of a user manual</h2></div>

<p>Information contained in the owner's manual typically includes:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Safety" title="Safety">Safety</a> instructions; for <a href="Legal_liability" title="Legal liability">liability</a> reasons these can be extensive, often including warnings against performing operations that are ill-advised for product longevity or overall user safety reasons.</li>

<li>Assembly instructions; for products that arrive in pieces for easier shipping.</li>

<li>Installation instructions; for products that need to be installed in a home or workplace.</li>

<li>Setup instructions; for devices that keep track of time or which maintain user accessible state.</li>

<li>Instructions for normal or intended operations.</li>

<li><a href="Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">Programming</a> instructions; for <a href="Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a> controlled products such as <a href="VCR" class="mw-redirect" title="VCR">VCRs</a>, <a href="Programmable_calculator" title="Programmable calculator">programmable calculators</a>, and <a href="Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizers</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Preventive_maintenance" class="mw-redirect" title="Preventive maintenance">Maintenance</a> instructions.</li>

<li><a href="Troubleshooting" title="Troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</a> instructions; for when the product does not work as expected.</li>

<li>Service locations; for when the product requires <a href="Repair" class="mw-redirect" title="Repair">repair</a> by a factory authorized <a href="Technician" title="Technician">technician</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulatory code</a> compliance information; for example with respect to safety or <a href="Electromagnetic_interference" title="Electromagnetic interference">electromagnetic interference</a>.</li>

<li>Product <a href="Technical_specifications" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical specifications">technical specifications</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Warranty" title="Warranty">Warranty</a> information; sometimes provided as a separate sheet.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Installation_manual">Installation manual</h2></div>

<p>An installation manual or installation guide is a <a href="Technical_communication" title="Technical communication">technical communication</a> document intended to instruct people how to install a particular product. An installation manual is usually written by a <a href="Technical_writer" title="Technical writer">technical writer</a> or other technical staff.

</p><p>Installation is the act of putting something in place so that it is ready for use.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An installation manual most commonly describes the safe and correct installation of a product. The term product here relates to any consumer, non-consumer, hardware, software, electrical, electronic or mechanical product that requires installation. The installation of a computer program is also known as the <a href="Installation_(computer_programs)" title="Installation (computer programs)">setup</a>.

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<p>In case of an installation manual, the installation instruction is a separate document that focuses solely on the person(s) that will perform the installation. However, the installation instruction can also be an integrated part of the overall owner's manual.

</p><p>The size, structure and content of an installation manual depend heavily on the nature of the product and the needs and capabilities of the intended target group. Furthermore, various standards and directives are available that provide guidance and requirements for the design of instructions.

</p><p>The international standard IEC 82079<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prescribes the required installation topics for an installation instruction. Among these topics, are procedures, diagrams and conditions for installation activities, such as unpacking, mounting and connecting.

</p><p>For machines the European <a href="Machinery_Directive" title="Machinery Directive">Machinery Directive</a> prescribes that an instruction manual must contain assembly, installation and connecting instructions, including drawings, diagrams and the means of attachment and the designation of the chassis or installation on which the machinery is to be mounted.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>User guides have been found with ancient devices. One example is the <a href="Antikythera_mechanism" title="Antikythera mechanism">Antikythera Mechanism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a 2,000 year old Greek analogue computer that was found off the coast of the Greek island <a href="Antikythera" title="Antikythera">Antikythera</a> in the year 1900. On the cover of this device are passages of text which describe the features and operation of the mechanism.

</p><p>As the software industry was developing, the question of how to best document software programs was undecided. This was a unique problem for software developers, since users often became frustrated with current help documents.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some considerations for writing a user guide that developed at this time include:

</p>

<ul><li>the use of <a href="Plain_language" title="Plain language">plain language</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>length and reading difficulty<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>the role of printed user guides for digital programs<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>user-centered design<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computer_software_manuals_and_guides">Computer software manuals and guides</h2></div>

<p>Before <a href="Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>, for example, <a href="General_Comprehensive_Operating_System" title="General Comprehensive Operating System">GCOS</a>, mainframe documentation were printed pages, available <a href="On-premise" class="mw-redirect" title="On-premise">on-premise</a> to users (staff, students...), organized into steel binders, locked together in one monolithic steel reading rack, bolted to a table or counter, with pages organized for modular information updates, replacement, errata, and addenda.

</p><p>User manuals and user guides for most non-trivial PC and browser <a href="Software_application" class="mw-redirect" title="Software application">software applications</a> are book-like documents with contents similar to the above list. They may be distributed either in print or electronically. Some documents have a more fluid structure with many internal links. The <i><a href="Google_Earth" title="Google Earth">Google Earth</a> User Guide</i><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an example of this format. The term <i>guide</i> is often applied to a document that addresses a specific aspect of a software product. Some usages are <i><a href="Installation_(computer_programs)" title="Installation (computer programs)">Installation</a> Guide</i>, <i>Getting Started Guide</i>, and various <i>How to</i> guides. An example is the <i><a href="Picasa" title="Picasa">Picasa</a> Getting Started Guide</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In some <a href="Business_software" title="Business software">business software</a> applications, where groups of users have access to only a sub-set of the application's full functionality, a user guide may be prepared for each group. An example of this approach is the <i><a href="Autodesk" title="Autodesk">Autodesk</a> Topobase 2010 <a href="Online_help" title="Online help">Help</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> document, which contains separate <i><a href="System_administrator" title="System administrator">Administrator</a> Guides</i>, <i><a href="User_(computing)" title="User (computing)">User</a> Guides</i>, and a <i><a href="Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer's</a> Guide</i>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Car_owner's_manuals">Car owner's manuals</h2></div>

<p>All new cars come with an owner's manual from the manufacturer. Most owners leave them in the <a href="Glove_compartment" title="Glove compartment">glove compartment</a> for easy reference. This can make their frequent absence in <a href="Rental_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Rental car">rental cars</a> frustrating because it violates the driver's user expectations, as well as makes it difficult to use controls that are not understood, which is not good because understanding control operation of an unfamiliar car is one of the first steps recommended in <a href="Defensive_driving" title="Defensive driving">defensive driving</a>. Owner's manuals usually cover three main areas: a description of the location and operation of all controls; a schedule and descriptions of maintenance required, both by the owner and by a mechanic; and specifications such as oil and fuel capacity and part numbers of light bulbs used. Current car owner's manuals have become much bigger in part due to many safety warnings most likely designed to avoid <a href="Product_liability" title="Product liability">product liability</a> lawsuits, as well as from ever more complicated audio and navigational systems, which often have their own manual.

</p><p>If owners lose their car manual, they can either order a replacement from a dealer, pick up a used one secondhand, or download a PDF version of the manual online.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 2017, IBM released <a href="Watson_(computer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Watson (computer)">IBM Watson</a> Artificial Intelligence to understand and answer questions in natural driver language.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Ask Mercedes" was the first in a wave of these vehicle assistants which can support both speech and text-based input.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2></div>

<p>The <a href="Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">noun phrase</a> <i>owner's manual</i> has been used by <a href="Analogy" title="Analogy">analogy</a> in the title of numerous instructional books about entities that are not manufactured products, such as <a href="Pet" title="Pet">pets</a>, body parts and <a href="Business" title="Business">businesses</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Unicode">Unicode</h2></div>

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</style><span class="monospaced">U+1F4D6</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">📖</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase; font-feature-settings: 'onum'">OPEN BOOK</span> Unicode symbol (in the <a href="Miscellaneous_Symbols_and_Pictographs" title="Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs">Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs</a> block) is intended to signal 'read operator's manual'.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Release_notes" title="Release notes">Release notes</a></li>

<li><a href="Technical_writer" title="Technical writer">Technical writer</a></li>

<li><a href="Manual_page_(Unix)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manual page (Unix)">Manual page (Unix)</a></li>

<li><a href="Instruction_manual_(gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction manual (gaming)">Instruction manual (gaming)</a></li>

<li><a href="Reference_card" title="Reference card">Reference card</a></li>

<li><a href="HOWTO_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="HOWTO articles">HOWTO articles</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Definition of "installation" from the Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary</span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IEC 82079-1:2012, p. 31, 5 Content of instructions for use</span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Directive 2006/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 May 2006 on machinery, and amending Directive 95/16/EC, p. 25-26, 1.7.4.2 Contents of the instructions.</span>

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</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/06/15/antikythera_mechanism_inscriptions_deciphered/">"Boffins decipher manual for 2,000-year-old Ancient Greek computer"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-29</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChafin1982" class="citation book cs1">Chafin, Roy (January 1982). "User manuals: What does the user really need?". <i>Proceedings of the 1st annual international conference on Systems documentation - SIGDOC '82</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">36–</span>39. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F800065.801307">10.1145/800065.801307</a></span>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>089791080X</bdi>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6435788">6435788</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMcKee1986" class="citation journal cs1">McKee, John (August 1986). "Computer User Manuals in Print: Do They Have a Future?". <i>ACM SIGDOC Asterisk Journal of Computer Documentation</i>. <b>12</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">11–</span>16. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F15505.15507">10.1145/15505.15507</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35615987">35615987</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earth.google.com/userguide/v4/">"Google Earth User Guide"</a>. 4 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://picasa.google.com/support/bin/answer.py?hl=en&answer=93183">"Getting Started with Picasa: Getting Started Guide"</a>. 15 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.autodesk.com/TOPOBSCLNT/2010/ENU/Autodesk%20Topobase%202010%20User%20Documentation/index.html?url=WSfacf1429558a55de9af080101d7e8b304-7c61.htm,topicNumber=d0e342">"Autodesk Topobase 2010 Help"</a>. Autodesk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repairsadvisor.com/cars.html">"How to Find Your Car Owner's Manual Online"</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibm.com/blogs/think/2017/11/end-of-the-car-manual/">"'Ask Mercedes' – the End of the Car Manual as We Know It"</a>. <i><a href="IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></i>. 29 November 2017.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.diplomaticsales.mercedes-benz.com/passengercars/being-an-owner/ask-mercedes-campaign/stage.module.html">"Mercedes-Benz Diplomatic Sales"</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1F300.pdf#page=12">"Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Unicode, Inc. p. 12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

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